(Default values are from a Pontiac 463 CID. Drag coefficient, CD, is a commonly published rating of a car’s aerodynamic resistance. The drag coefficient is a common measure in automotive design. Drag coefficient, CD, is a commonly published rating of a car’s aerodynamic resistance, related to the shape of the car. The coefficient is 0.01. CASE STUDY: 2 … A parachute would have a Cx on the order of 1.5, a ball would be more like .45, a wing would be on the order of .1 or .2, and a teardrop has a Cx of .05. Found inside – Page 50them into the hands of three different levels car , which meant that one or two mistakes straight line . ... Associate Editor Mike Monticello , Our “ real - world driving ” impressions were Monticello and I chose it as our favorite car an excellent driver and ardent motorcycle done on dry ... I that the changes have improved the car's felt that the Acura was out of its element drag coefficient , reducing it from 0.32 to ... Found inside – Page 9So, even though motorcycles have less frontal area than a car; they have a much higher coefficient of drag. Highperformance motorcycles boast powerto-weight ... All things being equal, such as length, width, metal type, etc., open trailers are lighter than their enclosed trailer counterparts, thus making them easier to tow and putting less strain on your truck. Found inside – Page 61With a turbulent flow, the power is P5F D w5 1 2Rw3A ð5Þ The drag coefficient CD is important especially in the aircraft and car industries. The Motorbike now behaves more like a car. Found inside – Page 183For a given car, the experimental data is generally represented by a single coefficient that is called the drag coefficient. With its low drag coefficient of 0.28 and scalable battery system, the ID.4 can cover over 500 kilometers (to WLTP). The winds of change are blowing across the motorcycle industry as a growing number of small manufacturers are trying to make a name for themselves in the EV market. The average drag coefficient for a production car is between 0.30 and 0.35, but surprisingly, many of the world’s fastest cars create much more drag. Drag Radial Advice. Its smooth lines promised an ultra-low drag coefficient and certainly gave it a futuristic shape, while options for electric power or a hybrid drivetrain ensured it … Found inside – Page 72Known also as slipstreaming. drag coefficient —— a number -— the lower the better — indicating how “slippery” a car's shape is to wind drag (for example, ... Reducing Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption Compared to a modern economy car, the aerodynamic coefficient of Drag of a motorcycle is more like a brick with a parachute riding on top than a car. The problem is who’s going to take the photos. It is based on the averages from my 6 trials. Author: Wayne Scraba Wayne Scraba is a diehard car guy and regular contributor to OnAllCylinders. You can see the speed of your vehicle as it accelerates in the pop up window. Motorcycle and rider 1.8 frontal area Long flat plate at 90 deg 1.98 Rectangular box 2.1 Example - Air Resistance on a Normal Car The force required to overcome air resistance for a normal family car with drag coefficient 0.29 and frontal area 2 m2 in 90 km/h can be calculated as: F d = 0.29 1/2 (1.2 kg/m His publication "On Aerial Navigation" in 1810, marked the beginning of the science of Aerodynamics. The roofline extends almost to the rear of the car, magnifying the appearance of spaciousness. Found inside – Page 69The .36 drag coefficient results in low wind noise and wind resistance at speed. ... came the successful 1,100-cc V4 motor of the Honda Magna motorcycle. Found inside – Page 116In one unfortunate accident, a motorcycle rounding a curve at high speed ... of the friction coefficient using either a drag sled or by skidding their ... The friction drag coefficient c f puts the wall shear stress τ w in relation to the flow velocity of the undisturbed external flow v ∞. average drag force reading from the spring balance was recorded. The SSC Tuatara is officially now the fastest production car in the world with a top speed of 532.93 kmph. Every window seam is an edge that catches air, so if you can limit the linear feet of seams, say from 10 feet to four feet, the drag coefficient will drop. You probably can't modify the air pressure or density, so the only factors anywhere near your control are the Cd and the v. Gravel is between 0.4 and 0.5. He explains: “A Suzuki Hayabusa has got a CdA [drag area] of around 0.35-0.36, and in CFD [computational fluid dynamics] we achieved a drag coefficient of … – Coefficient of drag (Cd) Wheels / Tires – Rolling resistance coefficients – Rotational inertia – Rolling radius (tire size) – Maximum friction coefficient – Slip at peak tire force Driver – Drive cycle (time vs… S 2 = Speed Loss Accross Surface 2 (mph) = √30*D 2 *F 2. Horst Ecker: Braking Deceleration of Motorcycle Riders 4 2.2 Test procedure Every test started with a familiarization procedure of the test person with the instrumented motorcycle. Most motorcycles have a drag coefficient of nearly 1.0. Can dimpled aerodynamic surfaces reduce drag? Sport utility vehicles (SUVs), with their typically boxy shapes, typically achieve a Cd=0.35–0.45. The open wheels and the cooling system are the brick and the rider is the parachute. This effect happens for two reasons: 1) Increasing air resistance. Or the Ford Mondeo / Fusion with 0.275. With a revolutionary design, the WMC250EV emphasizes aerodynamic efficiency as a means … The 0.27 Cd Club. One source of these figures are past issues of Car and Driver or Road and Track magazines. It depends on the car, the situation, the conditions. Found inside – Page 95The drag coefficient value for the car's final design ended up being 0.19 , one of the most aerodynamic designs ever penned . ... In just a few short years , the former motorcycle rider shot to stardom in the era of the * AERODYNAMICS BUYERS ... ZX 6R vs. R6 – How they differ. 15.05 kg) For a 185/65R15 car tire, with double load, the RRC is about 10 % lower at 80 km/h, but the force is 80% larger. ρ = Rho is the airdensity in kg per m³. S 3 = Speed Loss Accross Surface 3 (mph) = √30*D 3 *F 3. 0.6. Found inside – Page 132... and Z are the aerodynamic drag coefficients of different vehicles such as motorcycle with rider, open convertible, limousine, electric car, ... Found inside – Page 7In the case of the rail car , we find that at relatively low speeds ... nicely streamlined automobile , which is supposed to have a drag coefficient ... The numerical simulations outputs were viscous, pressure and total drag and coefficient of drag. Open Trailers are typically lighter than Enclosed Trailers. A car tire has a flat profile and is designed to stay flat rather than lean over. He’s authored five how-to books and written over 4,500 tech articles that have appeared in sixty different high performance automotive, motorcycle and aviation magazines worldwide. According to CNN, "Pushing air around actually takes up about 40% of a car's energy at highway speeds. S 1 = Speed Loss Accross Surface 1 (mph) = √30*D 1 *F 1. The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between C D = 0.30 and 0.35. The use of coefficient of drag and frontal area are common when determining horsepower requirements for vehicles in motion. Found inside – Page 75... (drag coefficient); • V is the forward velocity of the motorcycle. ... some sort of wing at the front of the motorcycle as in the case of racing cars. The coefficient of drag, usually abbreviated to Cd or called the drag coefficient, is not a measurement of any one thing, but rather an expression of a car’s total drag divided by its frontal area. But Dark Siders claim they work fine and are cheaper and last longer than motorcycle tires. ELI5: Why do motorcycles in general have a much higher drag coefficient than cars? With the Nissan Murano, a 0.31 drag coefficient is achieved with the crossover vehicle's profile. Found inside – Page 461Hoerner [12] reports the drag area of a typical motorcycle, including the ... P7.67 The Toyota Prius has a drag coefficient of 0.25, a frontal area of 2.2 ... Tested in a wind tunnel, the drag coefficient is a measure of how air passes over the front of a car; the lower the drag, the more aerodynamic the car is. This simulator was developed by John Bolton. Regardless of your vehicle, engine, or size, the numbers hold true. The front-drive motorcycle, boasting a coefficient of drag of just 0.131 and only 7.7 square feet of frontal area, was powered by what Feuling termed a … Relationship between changes in drag and changes in fuel consumption property of the driving cycle η ≈ 0.5-0.7 for a car or truck at highway speeds Make changes in shape to improve aerodynamics make the car/truck cross-section smaller reduce highway speeds—very effective! SAE Paper 880231. Pickups have both a larger frontal area and a poorer drag coefficient in the range of Cd 0.4-0.45. Reducing the drag coefficient in an automobile improves the performance of the vehicle as it pertains to speed and fuel efficiency. This setup allowed it … Typical drag coefficients • The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient between 0.30 and 0.35. Horst Ecker: Braking Deceleration of Motorcycle Riders 4 2.2 Test procedure Every test started with a familiarization procedure of the test person with the instrumented motorcycle. Stock Vehicles. rawr. Tesla has also updated the overall shape by just a bit. Motorcycles are faster than cars on average due to their high power-to-weight ratio and their small profile which results in less wind resistance and a low drag coefficient. Coefficient of Drag: Street, faired motorcycles are notoriously inefficient aero-devices with Coefficient of Drag (Cd) figures in the .6 range. Since aerodynamic drag and drag force increases with the square of velocity, this property becomes critically important at higher speeds. Found inside – Page 63HS - 017 568 HS - 017 729 INJURIES OCCURRING IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS A study ... hill rolling tests can determine changes in the drag coefficient to 1 or 2 ... Regular cars are the most efficient, generally in the range Cd 0.3-0.35, though an increasing number, mostly in the prestige sector, get well below Cd 0.3. However, this is only true for cars that dead hook on that radial tire. SUVs are better, but still typically manage only Cd 0.35-0.4. Refined aerodynamic elements work together with new wheels and tires to help you travel farther, with sharper handling and better ride comfort. So motorcycles win in a short drag race. Found inside – Page 168In particular , this can lead to a rapid increase of front lift on fast cars . Drag area AD ( m2 ) Table 3.6.1 . Example Drag Coefficients and Drag Areas Frontal area Drag coefficient Vehicle A ( m2 ) Co Motorcycle - touring 0.7 0.90 - racing 0.48 ... Firstly, it comes with a larger engine at 636cc compared to the R6 599cc. For which: F = is the force on the motorbike + driver, in N (Newton) opposite to the riding direction. Mercedes claims the EQS posts a record low 0.20 coefficient of drag. The lower stance and aerodynamics are especially pronounced in the third generation when Toyota reduced the Vitz's drag coefficient to 0.285. By decreasing the drag coefficient, car makers are helping vehicles “slip” through air more easily. Found inside – Page 28Sixty percent of riders in 1985 fatal motorcycle crashes dbd- not wear helmets ... The average drag coefficient of European cars was reduced to ca = 0.40 in ... Found inside – Page 284We will say that an open parachute has a coefficient of drag equal to 1.2, ... Human swimming 0.035 Sports car 0.3−0.4 Trout 0.015 Motorcycle 0.5−1.00 ... Found inside – Page 257The frontal area of a small motorcycle is 0.60 m2, its drag coefficient is ... If the drag coefficient of the car is CD = 0.4, and its frontal area 1.5 m2, ... Drag is mostly (cD * frontal area * speed^2). It offers a sleek, aerodynamic body that has a near predatory stance. Both the front and rear overhangs (ahead and behind the wheels, respectively) are short, and the smoothly curved hindquarters of the car also emphasize its wind-cheating design. More load effect the velocity component. These values are nice to know. Modern cars often have paid close … Found inside – Page 9The engine uses the Next Camry will be bigger and much more powerful than current car quiet hydraulic cooling fan first featured on ... Japanese20 , 000 right - hand - drive the current Camry cuts sourced V6 versions for export to the car ' s drag coefficient jumps from 2 . ... The Rocket weighs 775lb and is powered by a 143bhp Yamaha motorcycle engine Turbo diesel six mooted for XJ6 Nissan ' s FEV. The summary information for your simulation is displayed at the bottom of the computational window. Found inside – Page 525The camber car with a frontal area of 54 percent of the “ boxy ” Cadillac with wide tires and a drag coefficient of ( conservatively ) 58 percent of the Cadillac requires only about ... Current radial motorcycle tires speed - rated to 160 mph are on the market in a range of sizes . ... 23-52 A Le Mans car comparison of a conventional wide tire design vs. a camber car with narrow tires , assuming same top speed . Third, they save weight and space. The most aerodynamically “slippery” motorcycle is the Suzuki Hayabusa which has a drag coefficient (cD) of about 0.55 to 0.60. ft.) Wikipedia has a huge list of drag coefficients, and a good list of drag … friction coefficient of 0.79. Drag racers acutally want tall tires, width is there to stop the tire being destroyed. By knowing the speed the motorcycle was traveling when it initially made contact with the pavement and the overall distance that it slid on the roadway, we calculated the average coefficient of friction during the slide. To have a drag coefficient of under 0.28 is truly a feat, especially for a car regular car which was designed on a budget, for a budget. average initial drag factor was -0.46 g’s (SD = 0.22). The average modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.25 and 0.3. Found inside – Page 668... 208 Division (organization), 170 Dnepr (motorcycle), 344, 376 Dodge, 27, 138, ... 344, 376 Douglas Galbraith, 119 Drag coefficient, 143 Drag (physics), ... The rolling resistance for all four wheels in a car with total weight 1500 kg on asphalt with rolling friction coefficient 0.03 can be estimated with the generic equation 1 as. Each individual was allowed to make a couple of braking trials on his or her own, in order to get as much used to the motorcycle as possible within the given time frame. Even a large, blocky car like a full size SUV or my ’87 Westfalia camper rate around 0.4. The latest electric bike to arrive on the scene is the WMC250EV developed by White Motorcycle Concepts out of the United Kingdom. One term that gets the most attention is "coefficient of drag" (Cd), which is an overall measurement of a shape's resistance to airflow. Despite the Murano's longer length, the smaller Rogue actually accommodates slightly more cargo volume. Found inside – Page 426... 220 Car class, 228 car simulation, 227 drag coefficient, 221 drag force, ... 220 modeling car crashes, 239 motorcycle racing compared, 240 power, ... Overall, there are 4 trims. The Formula 1 cars come in at between 0.7 to 1.1, depending on the settings chose by teams for each of the circuits the cars race on. More load lowers the rolling resistance coefficient, but increase the total resistance force (slightly smaller coefficient multiplicated with a greater load). Ice is between 0.1 and 0.25. Every window seam is an edge that catches air, so if you can limit the linear feet of seams, say from 10 feet to four feet, the drag coefficient will drop. As we will see from the speed analysis, in this particular case an accurate probable drag factor is more important than if the skid mark length had been 200 feet instead of only 88 feet. If it has 18" wheels then the tire diameter is roughly 25" (18 + 3.54 + 3.54). Car makers used that in the past, driving the car at speed and taking photos. Common level drag factors from the Crash Reconstruction Unit (C.R.U.) For example a Suzuki Hayabusa has a Cd of .561 whereas a Kawasaki ZX-12 has a Cd of .603. We all know, or should know, that when a vehicle's brakes are applied, the inertial forces at the top of the car get the message slightly after the parts of the car closer to the tires. The average drag factors were generally in excess of 0.7g, as shown in the figure to the right, while no value was below 0.65g. But true automobile aerodynamics involves a detailed study of how the motion of air interacts with all areas of an automobile. Found inside – Page 267This pressure difference acting over the frontal area of the car accounts for most of the aerodynamic drag . The effect of ... Motorcycles have high drag coefficients due to projections such as handlebars , mirrors , foot pedals , and limbs . The event that occurred on wet asphalt resulted in a drag factor of -0.41 g’s, which aligns with the dry asphalt data. Example - The Rolling Resistance of a Car on Asphalt. [Reed, W.S., A.T.Keskin. Our car expert points to the sporty and stylish exterior of the Vitz as a major selling point. A comparison of emergency braking characteristics of passenger cars. A cube has a high drag coefficient, whereas a teardrop has a low one. Found inside – Page 216A normal motorcycle has rather less than half the frontal area of a car, but twice the drag coefficient. This means it uses about three-quarters the power ... It is used in the drag equation in which a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. Alternatively, 3) Drag coefficient. The coefficient of friction was simply calculated by dividing the measured horizontal drag force by the weight of the part tyre (i.e. Comparing the measured tire road friction coefficient of 0.79 to typical values published in Radials are far less forgiving than bias-ply slicks. On the other hand modern cars typically have drag numbers that hover right around 0.35. The average passenger car on the road today has a drag coefficient (the measure of air resistance) of about 0.3 (a lower number being better). Found inside – Page 515AERODYNAMIC DRAG COEFFICIENTS See also Figure 5-14 and Table 5-22. ... or ski jumper (A = 8 ft2) Motorcycle and rider (A = 6 ft2) Automobiles (approx. only) ... Frontal Area formula = Height * Width * .84 (Height and Width in feet) Frontal Area formula = (Height/12) * (Width/12) * .84 (Height and Width in inches) CdA formula = Cd * Frontal Area Vehicle CdA Make Model Year Cd Height (In) Width (In) Frontal Area (ft^2) CdA Acura CL : 1997 - 1999 : 0.34 : Nissan's development of the Murano and Rogue included the use of sporty, aerodynamic exterior shapes. This enables the ZX-6R to hit a top … Drag Racing encompasses many types of amateur and professional specialty racing vehicles including door cars, funny cars, motorcycles, dragsters , and pro modifieds. Coefficient of Drag List. Drag Racing, Truck Pulling and Drifting comprise a smaller segment of our business, though just as equally important.” Norton: “It is a combination of street and multipurpose street applications, meaning cars that are driven during the week and/or weekend and transformed for racing events. So, above 60 km/h, you need a lot of power to push the car to overcome the aerodynamic drag. By comparison, the Hummer H2 has a drag coefficient … What’s bad for drag. Eg. 1988.] Production cars cover the full range from sublime (2000 Honda Insight, with a CdA of 5.1 square feet) to ridiculous (2003 Hummer H2, 26.5 sq. Aerodynamic Lift and Drag and the Theory of Flight . A racing motorcycle with a smooth, full fairing and professional rider in a full tuck? Despite the Murano's longer length, the smaller Rogue actually accommodates slightly more cargo volume. I think most motorcycles have a drag coefficient of between 0.6 and 1 vs cars like Prius at .29 or Model S at 0.24. website are as follows: Asphault is between 0.5 and 0.9. Also, the power you need while moving a body through the air goes up with the speed. Air Drag Coefficients and Frontal Area Calculation. • SUVs(sport utility vehicle), with their typical boxy shapes and larger frontal area, typically achieve a Cd of 0.35–0.45. Found inside – Page C-17Also , the drag force on the model is relatively small and difficult to measure accurately . ... C.1 - Drag Coefficients Vehicle Drag Coefficient - CD 0 Sphere Typical passenger car Convertible Racing car Bus Truck Tractor - Trailer Motorcycle .05 ... Third, they save weight and space. TEMPERATURE!!!!! Application of Drag Coefficients to ABS related Sideslip ... Motorcycle vs. Now, we have production cars with extremely low drag coefficients, road cars that can travel over 700 miles on a full tank, and race cars that can corner at over 200 MPH. The car would either slide out or enter a CSY before it was able to overturn as it would require 1.61g from the road to overturn.! • A very gently inclined windshield gives a lower drag coefficient … The Agera R has a drag coefficient of Cd=0.37, or Cd=0.33 at high speed due to its adaptive rear wing, while producing 300 kg (660 lb) of downforce at 250 km/h (155 mph). Green Car Congress did a study comparing different car model against this topic. Ignoring bikes built for breaking records on salt flats or similar, they tend to be in the 0.75 as the low end (bearing in mind that “regular cube” is 1.05). Which cars? Reed and Keskin skid-tested several vehicles. Found inside – Page 62The Ner-a-Car of the '20s featured design concepts that would even be ... which lowers the drag coefficient even further while improving comfort and ... The hypercar developed by US-based SSC North America clocked an average speed of 508.73 kmph for two consecutive runs that were conducted on a patch of closed-off public roads. Rally cars use wider tires when on tarmac rallys, and use (surprisingly) very thin tires on ice rallys. Performance. Found inside – Page 14The Ural motorcycle, made in Russia since 1 941 , is about to give the U.S. cycle ... HSR-IV concept sports car boasts an ul- tralow 0.20 drag coefficient. 3.7K views Now to be clear, the base range of the F-150 Lighting is 370 kilometres. The truck would tip over before it was able to slide because it needed only 0.53g to overturn and the road was able to give 0.80g. In Event 4, the motorcycle slid for a considerable distance on asphalt and hard packed dirt before coming to rest. Found inside – Page 320The frontal area of a small motorcycle is 0.60 m2, its drag coefficient is ... If the drag coefficient of the car is CD = 0.4 and its frontal area is 1.5 ... Aero drag is dependent on the square of the velocity: F = Cd * {p + 0.5rv^2} (Coefficient of drag times {pressure + half the density of the air times the velocity squared}). They arrived at very aero shapes that way, with drag coefficients that rival today’s cars. Due to their lightweight, motorcycles also have less momentum at the same speed that a car … Care was taken to ensure that the angle of pull was parallel to the grass surface. Ford also says that it has the highest drag coefficient for any full-size Ford truck but it didn't share an official figure revealing how it compares with the competition. Found inside – Page 169As a result , the motorcycle may have a total aerodynamic drag which is 50 percent of that for a full size car , 60 percent of that ... 6 Steady Aerodynamic Forces on Racing Motorcycles The high drag coefficients measured for the standard road ... The drag coefficient is a measured quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance an object faces while moving in a fluid environment, such as air or water. Found insideIts drag coefficient is around 0.6 , as compared with a modern sedan car at 0.35 , a P - 51 Mustang at 0.14 or a rigid airship at 0.05-0.07 . This is why a ) motorcycle performance depends so much on rapid acceleration , and b ) small frontal ... Found inside – Page 13041 ICMTIIVE Prop-in-a-barrel car The press assembled, the bright lights came on and the video ... Bede doesn't list drag coefficient figures for his car. ABS has altered this scenario however . The friction drag coefficient is used for the characterization of the friction drag which is caused by shear stresses. From F1 to Indy Car, Drag and Sedan racing, this book provides clear explanations for engineers who want to improve their design skills and enthusiasts who simply want to understand how their favorite race cars go fast. The reduction of drag in road vehicles has led to increases in the top speed of the vehicle and the vehicle's fuel efficiency, as well as many other performance characteristics, such as handling and acceleration. The two main factors that impact drag are the frontal area of the vehicle and the drag coefficient. Found inside – Page 78... drag force: 2 t) F-CAp: Typical values of drag coefficient A. h w ID=ll' : -oCa Ca Sports car, sloping rear 0.2–0.3 Motorcycle and rider 1.8 Saloon, ... Bar width was the same on both bikes with bags. Its maneuverability is severely curtailed as instead of two wheels a third wheel is added and correspondingly the drag coefficient is higher. That reduces the amount of fuel needed to move the vehicle, and the difference shows up in your wallet and in the environment. Use the 0-60 MPH Time Calculator to calculate the theoretical 0-60 Time for a given application. The Charger's drag coefficient is 0.35, while the GT40's is 0.39, which is worse, but some of the GT40's advantage comes from its weight distribution. Enter the Drag Factor or the Use Test Skids button to computer a drag factor from test skids. The wings of birds were the original inspiration for the design of aerofoils however it was not until 1799 that engineer George Cayley carried out the first methodical study of the performance of aerofoils. The force required to overcome air resistance for a normal family car with drag coefficient 0.29 and frontal area 2 m2 in 90 km/h can be calculated as: Fd = 0.29 1/2 (1.2 kg/m3) ( (90 km/h) (1000 m/km) / (3600 s/h))2 (2 m2) = 217.5 N. compare car air resistance with car rolling resistance. Think ‘Fast—very fast.’” Electric vs Gas Powered F = 0,5 x ρ x v² x Cw x A. Found inside – Page 12It belonged to a guy who was a motorcycle racer in my hometown in Bavaria. ... In fact until the 1980s, it still had the best drag coefficient figure of any ... Enter the Coefficient of Friction. Lest you think I'm exaggerating the average cruiser, standard, or touring type motorcycle has a drag coefficient of .6 to .7, which is exactly the same as an intercity bus, and only slightly better than a heavy trucks rating of 0.8. On the other hand modern cars typically have drag numbers that hover right around 0.35. "You want as little frontal surface area as possible. Drag coefficient is the ratio of drag on the body moving through the air to the product of the velocity and the surface area of the body. The use of coefficient of drag and frontal area are common when determining horsepower requirements for vehicles in motion. One source of these figures are past issues of Car and Driver or Road and Track magazines. These values can also be determined using the following (obtained from "The ACCELERATOR Slide Rule"): Coefficient of Drag use two independent methods to measure the average drag factor of the motorcycle sliding across the pavement. Passenger Car by Gary Lewis. Even a Mazda6 sedan has a much better cD of 0.26. Found insideThe Yamaha was the sort of bike that motorcycle magazines recommended for ... A drag coefficient is a quick-and-dirty measure of a car's sleekness. A diehard car guy and regular contributor to OnAllCylinders is relatively small and difficult to measure the average modern achieves. 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